Social influence in household equity investment: Evidence from randomized military drafts
| Authors | Chi, Hung, Lin, Tseng |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Working Paper |
| Abstract | We provide causal evidence of the peer effect on investment in a large-scale natural experiment. We show that retail investors respond to the investment decisions of their military peers who were randomly assigned in compulsory military drafts: retail investors participate more in the stock market, invest more in stocks that peers hold, and perform better. Our investigation indicates that retail investors learn valuable information from their peers to make profitable investment decisions. These effects are more pronounced among peers who are more sophisticated and among stocks entailing less behavioral bias. Stocks with more peer clientele outperform stocks with less clientele. |
| URL | https://sites.google.com/view/timcchung/research |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Consumer Decisions | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Financing- and Investment Decisions (Individual) |
Active trading and (poor) performance: The social transmission channel
| Authors | Escobar, Pedraza |
| Journal | Journal of Financial Economics |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We study the influence from social interactions on equity trading. Using unique data on stock transactions, we exploit the quasi-random assignment of students to classrooms in a financial training program to identify how peer experience affects investor behavior. We find that individuals react more to peer gains than to peer losses. Students enrolled in courses where peers have positive outcomes: (i) are more likely to start trading, (ii) purchase similar stocks as their classmates, and (iii) are disproportionally attracted to stocks with extreme returns. These stocks have low subsequent returns, and new investors reacting to peer gains underperform other investors. |
| Keywords | Stock market participation, peer effects, active trading, lottery stocks, social finance |
| URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X23001277 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Asset Pricing, Trading Volume and Market Efficiency | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
The daily me versus the daily others: How do recommendation algorithms change user interests? Evidence from a knowledge-sharing platform
| Authors | Liu, Cong |
| Journal | Journal of Marketing Research |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Recommender systems on online platforms are often accused of polarizing user attention and consumption. The authors examine this phenomenon using a quasi-experiment conducted by Zhihu, the largest online knowledge-sharing platform (or Q&A community) in China. Zhihu originally used a content-based filtering algorithm, which recommends content to users on the basis of the topics to which each user has subscribed. After more than a year, Zhihu moved to a social filtering algorithm, which recommends content with which users' social connections are already engaged. The authors find that this algorithm change increased the creation of social ties by approximately 15% but decreased question subscriptions by 20% and answer contributions by 23%. The authors show that users' increased social interests mainly involved following popular users, leading to a greater concentration of social interests on the platform. However, users' topical interests became less concentrated, as popular topics received significantly fewer subscribers than unpopular topics. The authors explain these findings by exploring the underlying mechanism. They show that compared with content-based filtering algorithms, social filtering algorithms are more likely to expose general users to content consumed by their followees, who are more interested in niche topics than general users are. |
| URL | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00222437221134237 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Social Network Structure |
How social media influencers impact consumer collectives: An embeddedness perspective
| Authors | Mardon, Cocker, Daunt |
| Journal | Journal of Consumer Research |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Research has documented the emergence of embedded entrepreneurs within consumer collectives. This phenomenon is increasingly prevalent as social media enables ordinary consumers to become social media influencers (SMIs), a distinct form of embedded entrepreneur. Whilst research has considered the implications of embeddedness for embedded entrepreneurs themselves, we lack insight into embedded entrepreneurship's impact on consumer collectives. To address this gap, we draw from a longitudinal, qualitative study of the YouTube beauty community, where SMIs are pervasive. Informed by interactionist role theory, we document the Polanyian "double movement" prompted by the emergence of SMIs within the community. We demonstrate that the economy within the community was initially highly embedded, constrained by behavioral norms linked to established social roles. SMIs' attempts to disembed the economy created dysfunctional role dynamics that reduced the benefits of participation for non-entrepreneurial community members. This prompted a countermovement whereby SMIs and their followers attempted to re-embed SMIs' economic activity via role negotiation strategies. Our analysis sheds new light on the negative implications of embedded entrepreneurship for non-entrepreneurial members of consumer collectives, highlights the role of social media platforms in negotiations of embeddedness, and advances wider conversations surrounding the evolution of consumer collectives and the impact of SMIs. |
| Keywords | Embedded entrepreneurship, consumer collectives, social media influencers, embeddedness, double movement, interactionist role theory |
| URL | https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article/50/3/617/6978199 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Consumer Decisions | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
Looking into crystal balls: A laboratory experiment on reputational cheap talk
| Authors | Meloso, Nunnari, Ottaviani |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We experimentally study information transmission by experts motivated by their reputation for being well-informed. In our game of reputational cheap talk, a reporter privately observes information about a state of the world and sends a message to an evaluator; the evaluator uses the message and the realized state of the world to assess the reporter's informativeness. We manipulate the key driver of misreporting incentives: the uncertainty about the phenomenon to forecast. We highlight three findings. First, misreporting information is pervasive even when truthful information transmission can be an equilibrium strategy. Second, consistent with the theory, reporters are more likely to transmit information truthfully when there is more uncertainty on the state. Third, evaluators have difficulty learning reporters' strategies and, contrary to the theory, assessments react more strongly to message accuracy when reporters are more likely to misreport. In a simpler environment with computerized evaluators, reporters learn to best reply to evaluators' behavior and, when the state is highly uncertain and evaluators are credulous, to transmit information truthfully. |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4629 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
Rejections are more contagious than choices: How another's decisions shape our own
| Authors | Nan, Park, Yang |
| Journal | Journal of Consumer Research |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Every day, we learn about others' decisions from various sources. We perceive some of these decisions as choices and others as rejections. Does the mere perception of another's decision as a choice versus as a rejection influence our own behavior? Are we more likely to conform to another's decision if we view it in one way or the other? The current research investigates the social influence of decision frames. Eight studies, including a field study conducted during a livestreaming event hosted by an influencer with over 1.5 million followers, find that people are more likely to conform to another's decision if it is perceived as a rejection than if it is perceived as a choice. This effect happens because consumers are more likely to attribute another's decision to product quality as opposed to personal preference, when consumers perceive another's decision as a rejection than as a choice. The inference about quality versus personal preference in turn increases conformity. This research bridges the existing literatures on decision framing, social influence, and perceptions of quality and personal preference, and it offers important implications for marketers and influencers. |
| Keywords | Framing effect, choice versus rejection, social influence, conformity, attribution, quality versus personal preference |
| URL | https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article/50/2/363/7133747 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Consumer Decisions | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
The way people lie in markets: Detectable vs. deniable lies
| Authors | Tergiman, Villeval |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | In a finitely repeated game with asymmetric information, we experimentally study how individuals adapt the nature of their lies when settings allow for reputation building. Although some lies can be detected ex post by the uninformed party, others remain deniable. We find that traditional market mechanisms, such as reputation, generate strong changes in the way people lie and lead to strategies in which individuals can maintain plausible deniability; people simply hide their lies better by substituting deniable lies for detectable lies. Our results highlight the limitations of reputation to root out fraud when a deniable lie strategy is available. |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4526 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
The impact of social nudges on user-generated content for social network platforms
| Authors | Zeng, Dai, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Xu, Shen |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2023 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Content-sharing social network platforms rely heavily on user-generated content to attract users and advertisers, but they have limited authority over content provision. We develop an intervention that leverages social interactions between users to stimulate content production. We study social nudges, whereby users connected with a content provider on a platform encourage that provider to supply more content. We conducted a randomized field experiment (N=993,676) on a video-sharing social network platform where treatment providers could receive messages from other users encouraging them to produce more, but control providers could not. We find that social nudges not only immediately boosted video supply by 13.21% without changing video quality but also, increased the number of nudges providers sent to others by 15.57%. Such production-boosting and diffusion effects, although declining over time, lasted beyond the day of receiving nudges and were amplified when nudge senders and recipients had stronger ties. We replicate these results in a second experiment. To estimate the overall production boost over the entire network and guide platforms to utilize social nudges, we combine the experimental data with a social network model that captures the diffusion and over-time effects of social nudges. We showcase the importance of considering the network effects when estimating the impact of social nudges and optimizing platform operations regarding social nudges. Our research highlights the value of leveraging co-user influence for platforms and provides guidance for future research to incorporate the diffusion of an intervention into the estimation of its impacts within a social network. |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4622 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Manager / Firm Behavior |
Do managers' nonnative accents influence investment decisions?
| Authors | Barcellos, Kadous |
| Journal | The Accounting Review |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Reactions to earnings calls are sensitive to subtle features of managers' speech, but little is known about the effect of nonnative accents in this setting. Nonnative-accented CEOs may avoid holding calls in English for fear of investors' negative stereotypes. However, theory indicates that stereotypes from the CEO position and nonnative accents conflict, and that the process of reconciling conflicting stereotypes requires effortful processing. We use a series of four experiments to test each link of the causal chain that we hypothesize based on this theory. We demonstrate that motivated investors reconcile conflicting stereotypes by inferring exceptional qualities, such as hard work and determination, that positively affect their impressions of nonnative-accented CEOs and, hence, of the company as an investment. We also show that, because bad news stimulates effortful processing, investors receiving bad (versus good) news are more likely to form a positive image of nonnative-accented CEOs and their companies. |
| Keywords | Earnings conference calls, investment decisions, nonnative accents, impressions of CEOs |
| URL | https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2020-0228 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Financing- and Investment Decisions (Individual) | Manager / Firm Behavior |
Social referral programs for freemium platforms
| Authors | Belo, Li |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We examine how freemium platforms can design social referral programs to encourage growth and engagement without sacrificing revenue. On the one hand, social referral programs generate new referrals from users who would not have paid for the premium features. On the other hand, they also attract new referrals from users who would have paid but prefer to invite others, resulting in more referrals but fewer paying users. We use data from a large-scale randomized field experiment in an online dating platform to assess the effects of adding referrals programs to freemium platforms and changing the referral requirements on users' behavior, namely, on their decisions to invite, pay, and engage with the platform. We find that introducing referral programs in freemium platforms can significantly contribute to increasing the number of referrals at the expense of revenue. Platforms can avoid the loss in revenue by reserving some premium features exclusively for paying users. We also find that increasing referral requirements in social referral programs can work as a double-edged sword. Increasing the referral threshold results in more referrals and higher total revenue. Yet these benefits appear to come at a cost. Users become less engaged, decreasing the value of the platform for all users. We explore two mechanisms that help to explain the differences in users' social engagement. Finally, and contrary to prior findings, we find that the quality of the referrals is not affected by the referral requirements. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our research. |
| Keywords | Field experiment, freemium business models, platform strategy, referral program |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/full/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4301 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Consumer Decisions | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Manager / Firm Behavior |
Expression modalities: How speaking versus writing shapes word of mouth
| Authors | Berger, Rocklage, Packard |
| Journal | Journal of Consumer Research |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Consumers often communicate their attitudes and opinions with others, and such word of mouth has an important impact on what others think, buy, and do. But might the way consumers communicate their attitudes (i.e., through speaking or writing) shape the attitudes they express? And, as a result, the impact of what they share? While a great deal of research has begun to examine drivers of word of mouth, there has been less attention to how communication modality might shape sharing. Six studies, conducted in the laboratory and field, demonstrate that compared to speaking, writing leads consumers to express less emotional attitudes. The effect is driven by deliberation. Writing offers more time to deliberate about what to say, which reduces emotionality. The studies also demonstrate a downstream consequence of this effect: by shaping the attitudes expressed, the modality consumers communicate through can influence the impact of their communication. This work sheds light on word of mouth, effects of communication modality, and the role of language in communication. |
| Keywords | Word of mouth, communication modality, emotion, speaking, writing, automated text analysis |
| URL | https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/49/3/389/6483086?redirectedFrom=fulltext |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Consumer Decisions | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Media and Textual Analysis |
Social media and short sellers
| Authors | Cai, McLean, Zhang, Zhao |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Working Paper |
| Abstract | We ask how social media impacts the role of short sellers in financial markets. We find some evidence consistent with manipulation. Prior to high short interest, a stock's social media tone is abnormally positive, but its traditional media tone is not. Once highly shorted, social media tone flips and is abnormally negative. Using the firm-by-firm introduction and temporary suspension of short selling in China as natural experiments, we find that both the volatility of social media tone and the number of posts increase when a firm becomes shortable, and then decrease when shorting was suspended. Highly shorted firms with pump-and-dump social media patterns also have pump-and-dump stock return patterns and abnormally high trading volume. Manipulative social media tone is more likely when there are more posts from active social media users, who are perhaps better able to influence other users. Our findings are consistent with the idea that social networks and social media can enable manipulation. |
| Keywords | Short selling, social media, manipulation, arbitrage |
| URL | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3907480&dgcid=ejournal_htmlemail_capital:markets:market:efficiency:ejournal_abstractlink |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Asset Pricing, Trading Volume and Market Efficiency | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Media and Textual Analysis | Social Network Structure |
Meet the press: survey evidence on financial journalists as information intermediaries
| Authors | Call, Emett, Maksymov, Sharp |
| Journal | Journal of Accounting and Economics |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We survey 462 financial journalists and conduct 18 interviews to obtain insights on the inputs to their reporting, the incentives they face, and the factors that influence their coverage decisions. We report many findings relevant to the accounting literature and identify multiple avenues for future research. For example, financial journalists say the likelihood they write about a specific company or CEO increases when the company is controversial or the CEO has a colorful personality, suggesting journalists gravitate toward provocative topics. We also find that financial journalists routinely use company-issued disclosures and private phone calls with company management when developing articles, and that they believe they are evaluated primarily on the accuracy, timeliness, and depth of their articles. Journalists also believe monitoring companies to hold them accountable is one of financial journalism's most important objectives, but they often face negative consequences for writing articles that portray companies in an unfavorable light. |
| Keywords | business press, financial journalists, media, information intermediaries, social media, financial analysts |
| URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165410121000707 |
| Tags | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Media and Textual Analysis | Social Transmission Biases |
Meet the press: Survey evidence on financial journalists as information intermediaries
| Authors | Call, Emett, Maksymov, Sharp |
| Journal | Journal of Accounting and Economics |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We survey 462 financial journalists and conduct 18 interviews to obtain insights on the inputs to their reporting, the incentives they face, and the factors that influence their coverage decisions. We report many findings relevant to the accounting literature and identify multiple avenues for future research. For example, financial journalists say the likelihood they write about a specific company or CEO increases when the company is controversial or the CEO has a colorful personality, suggesting journalists gravitate toward provocative topics. We also find that financial journalists routinely use company-issued disclosures and private phone calls with company management when developing articles, and that they believe they are evaluated primarily on the accuracy, timeliness, and depth of their articles. Journalists also believe monitoring companies to hold them accountable is one of financial journalism's most important objectives, but they often face negative consequences for writing articles that portray companies in an unfavorable light. |
| Keywords | Business press, financial journalists, media Information, intermediaries, social media, financial analysts |
| URL | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2021.101455 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Manager / Firm Behavior | Media and Textual Analysis | Social Network Structure |
Listening in on investors' thoughts and conversations
| Authors | Chen, Hwang |
| Journal | Journal of Financial Economics |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | A large literature in neuroscience and social psychology shows that humans are wired to be meticulous about how they are perceived by others. In this paper, we propose that impression management considerations can also end up guiding the content that investors transmit via word of mouth and inadvertently lead to the propagation of noise. We analyze server log data from one of the largest investment-related websites in the United States. Consistent with our proposition, we find that investors more frequently share articles that are more suitable for impression management despite such articles less accurately predicting returns. Additional analyses suggest that high levels of sharing can lead to overpricing. |
| Keywords | Social interactions, social transmission bias, asset prices |
| URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304405X21003810?via%3Dihub |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Asset Pricing, Trading Volume and Market Efficiency | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Financing- and Investment Decisions (Individual) | Social Transmission Biases |
Honesty in the digital age
| Authors | Cohn, Gesche, Marechal |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | Modern communication technologies enable efficient exchange of information but often sacrifice direct human interaction inherent in more traditional forms of communication. This raises the question of whether the lack of personal interaction induces individuals to exploit informational asymmetries. We conducted two experiments with a total of 848 subjects to examine how human versus machine interaction influences cheating for financial gain. We find that individuals cheat about three times more when they interact with a machine rather than a person, regardless of whether the machine is equipped with human features. When interacting with a human, individuals are particularly reluctant to report unlikely and therefore, suspicious outcomes, which is consistent with social image concerns. The second experiment shows that dishonest individuals prefer to interact with a machine when facing an opportunity to cheat. Our results suggest that human presence is key to mitigating dishonest behavior and that self-selection into communication channels can be used to screen for dishonest people. |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2021.3985 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |
Echo chambers
| Authors | Cookson, Engelberg, Mullins |
| Journal | The Review of Financial Studies |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | We find evidence of selective exposure to confirmatory information among 400,000 users on the investor social network StockTwits. Self-described bulls are five times more likely to follow a user with a bullish view of the same stock than are self-described bears. Consequently, bulls see 62 more bullish messages and 24 fewer bearish messages than bears do over the same 50-day period. These âecho chambersâ exist even among professional investors and are strongest for investors who trade on their beliefs. Finally, beliefs formed in echo chambers are associated with lower ex post returns, more siloing of information, and more trading volume. |
| URL | https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article-abstract/36/2/450/6670640 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Asset Pricing, Trading Volume and Market Efficiency | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Financing- and Investment Decisions (Individual) | Propagation of Noise / Undesirable Outcomes | Social Network Structure | Social Transmission Biases |
Trust in crowdfunding: Experimental evidence from a fundraising campaign
| Authors | Diep-Nguyen, Yang |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Working Paper |
| Abstract | Despite the importance of trust in determining economic outcomes, little is known about what facilitates or hinders interpersonal trust. Using a randomized field experiment of a fundraising campaign, we examine the role of trust and the determinants of perceived trustworthiness in the context of crowdfunding. The key feature of the experiment involves randomized rotations of the campaign design, which differ in the profile photo, details of campaign description, and the update status. The perceived trustworthiness of these rotations is then independently judged by survey participants. We find that while posting updates significantly increases perceived trustworthiness of the campaign and the funds raised, having a more detailed description has little effect. Our follow-up survey reveals that the differential effects are mostly driven by information salience. Interestingly, displaying a white or male profile photo improves the trustworthiness score and generates a higher contribution level, which can be explained by white participants(and donors) and male participants (and donors) preferences. Finally, we find that effects of campaign updates and the profile photo disappear when donors are directly connected to the fundraising team, highlighting the authentication and trust-transmission role of social networks. |
| Keywords | Trust, trustworthiness, crowdfunding, donations |
| URL | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3972418&dgcid=ejournal_htmlemail_behavioral:experimental:economics:ejournal_abstractlink |
| Tags | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Financing- and Investment Decisions (Individual) | Social Network Structure | Theory |
Using social network activity data to identify and target job seekers
| Authors | Ebbes, Netzer |
| Journal | Management Science |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | An important challenge for many firms is to identify the life transitions of its customers, such as job searching, expecting a child, or purchasing a home. Inferring such transitions, which are generally unobserved to the firm, can offer the firms opportunities to be more relevant to their customers. In this paper, we demonstrate how a social network platform can leverage its longitudinal user data to identify which of its users are likely to be job seekers. Identifying job seekers is at the heart of the business model of professional social network platforms. Our proposed approach builds on the hidden Markov model (HMM) framework to recover the latent state of job search from noisy signals obtained from social network activity data. Specifically, we use the latent states of the HMM to fuse cross-sectional survey responses to a job-seeking status question with longitudinal user activity data, resulting in a partially HMM. Thus, in some time periods, and for some users, we observe a direct measure of the true job-seeking status. We demonstrate that the proposed model can predict not only which users are likely to be job seeking at any point in time but also what activities on the platform are associated with job search and how long the users have been job seeking. Furthermore, we find that targeting job seekers based on our proposed approach can lead to a 29% increase in profits of a targeting campaign relative to the approach that was used by the social network platform. |
| URL | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2021.3995 |
| Tags | Archival Empirical | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical | Manager / Firm Behavior | Social Network Structure |
Reporting peers' wrongdoing: Experimental evidence on the effect of financial incentives on morally controversial behavior
| Authors | Fiorin |
| Journal | Journal of the European Economic Association |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Published Paper |
| Abstract | I show that moral concerns can reverse the effect of financial incentives. I analyze a morally ambiguous behavior: reporting peers' wrongdoing. Agents' peers often know more about their behavior than principals do. However, denouncing a peer to an authority is morally controversial, as it might prevent future misconduct but also harm the peer. Authorities often encourage denunciations through financial rewards; yet these incentives can backfire if peers perceive being paid for harming others as morally unacceptable. I run a field experiment with 2,040 employees of the Afghan Ministry of Education, who are asked to confidentially report on their colleagues' attendance. I use a two-by-two design, randomizing whether or not reporting absence carries a monetary incentive as well as the perceived consequentiality of the reports. In the consequential treatment arm, where employees are given examples of the penalties that might be imposed on absentees, 15% of participants choose to denounce their peers when reports are not incentivized. Remarkably, in this consequential group, rewards backfire: Only 10% of employees report when denunciations are incentivized. In the non-consequential group, where participants are guaranteed that their reports will not be forwarded to the government, only 6% of employees denounce absence without rewards. However, when moral concerns of harming others are limited through the guarantee of non-consequentiality, rewards do not backfire: The incentivized reporting rate is 12%. My results suggest that employees report because they share the government's goal of reducing absence but are morally averse to being paid for harming their peers. |
| Keywords | Absence, financial incentives, morality, peer reporting, whistleblowing |
| URL | https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj16611/files/media/file/reporting_wrongdoing.pdf |
| Tags | Experimental / Survey-Based Empirical |